Câu tường thuật tiếng Anh 12
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Bài tập câu tường thuật trong Tiếng Anh
Câu hỏi gián tiếp trong tiếng Anh và Bài luyện tập về câu tường thuật CÓ ĐÁP ÁN
Bài tập Tiếng Anh về câu tường thuật, trực tiếp – gián tiếp có đáp án
1. Lý thuyết câu tường thuật tiếng Anh lớp 12
I. Definition:
1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói.
– Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy (,) hoặc dấu hai chấm (:).
– Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp.
Ex: “I don’t like this party” Bill said.
2. Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/ reported speech) là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi không cần phải dung đúng những từ của người nói.
Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party.
II. Những thay đổi trong lời nói gián tiếp:
1. Thay đổi động từ: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ (các thì xuống cấp):
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|
1. Present Simp Ex1: Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock” Ex2: He said “I like beer” 2. Present Progressive: am/ is/ are +Ving Ex: He said “I’m watching TV” 3. Present Perfect: has/ have + V3/ ed Ex: He said “I have just bought a new book” 4. Past Simple: V2/ ed Ex: They said “We came by car” 5. Past Progressive: was/ were + V-ing Ex: He said “I was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock” 6. Past Perfect: had + V3/ ed Ex: She said “My money had run out” 7. Future Simple: will +V without to (V0) Ex: Lan said “I’ll phone you” 8. can Ex: He said “you can sit here” 9. may Ex: Mary said “I may go to Ha noi again” 10. must Ex: He said “I must finish this report” |
1. Past Simple: V2/ed
EX1: Nam said (that) he was told to be at school before 7 o’clock. Ex2: He said (that) He liked beer 2. Past Progressive:was/ were+Ving Ex: He said (that) he was watching TV 3. Past Perfect: had + V3/ ed Ex: He said (that) I had just bought a new book 4. Past Perfect: had + V3/ ed Ex: They said (that) they had come by car 5. was/ were+V-ing or Past Perfect progressive Ex:- He said (that) he was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock” – He said (that)he had been sitting in the park at 8 o’clock” 6. Past Perfect: had + V3/ ed Ex: She said (that) her money had run out 7. would + V without to (V0) Ex: Lan said (that) she would phone me 8. could Ex : He said (that) we could sit there 9. might Ex: Mary said (that) shemight go to Ha noi again 10. must/ had to Ex: He said (that) he had to finish that report |
* Chú ý: Một số trường hợp không đổi thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp:
– Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề giới thiệu được dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc tương lai đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi.
Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult”.
He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult.
– Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể hiện một chân lý hoặc một hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp vẫn không thay đổi.
Eg: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East”
My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East.
He said, “My father always drinks coffee after dinner.”
He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner.
– Nếu lúc tường thuật, điểm thời gian được đưa ra trong lời nói gián tiếp vẫn chưa qua, thì của động từ và trạng từ thời gian vẫn được giữ nguyên.
Eg: He said, “I will come to your house tomorrow.”
He said (that) he will come to my house tomorrow.
– Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 hoặc loại 3:
Eg: He said: “If I knew her address, I would write to her.”
He said that he would write to her If he knew her address
Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.”
She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle.
Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.”
The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.
Tuy nhiên nếu lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều hiện loại 1 thì được chuyển sang loại 2 ở lời nói gián tiếp.
Eg: The advertisement said “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar.”
The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly.
– Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “wish”
Eg: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money.”
He wishes (that) he had a lot of money.
– Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/ about) time.”
Eg: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed, children.”
She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed.
– Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau “would rather, would sooner”
Eg: She said; “I would rather you stayed at home.”
She said that she would rather I stayed at hone.
– Không thay đổi thì của:
Could, would, might, should và Ought, had better, need trong câu nói gián tiếp
Nhưng must -> had to/ must
Eg: She said; “I could do the homework.”
She said the she could do the homework.
– Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định:
Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980.”
He said that he was born in 1980.
– Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn.
Eg: “I saw him when he was going to the cinema.”
She said she saw him when she was going to the cinema.
2. Thay đổi về đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu:
Đại từ nhân xưng
Chủ ngữ
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
I He, she
We They
You They/ he/ she/ I
Tân ngữ
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
Me Him/ her
Us Them
You Them/ him/ her
Tính từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
My His/ her
Our Their
Your Their/ his/her/ my
Đại từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
Mine Him/ hers
Ours Theirs
Yours Theirs/ his/ hers
3. Thay đổi về từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
| Nhóm từ trong câu trực tiếp | Nhóm từ trong câu gián tiếp |
|
Today/ tonight Yesterday Last month/ night Tomorrow This month The day before yesterday The day after tomorrow Next month/ week Here Now Ago This These |
That day/ that night
The day before/ the previous day The moth before/ the previous month/ night The following day/ the next day That month Two days before In two days’ time The month after/ the following month/ week There Then Before That Those |
* Chú ý:
– Nếu tường thuật vẫn ở cùng một địa điểm và thời gian, chúng ta không thay đổi thì của động từ, tính từ chỉ định và trạng ngữ thời gian và nơi chốn.
Eg: He said “I will come here to take this book tonight”.
An hour ago he said he will come here to take this book tonight.
– Thêm liên từ vào câu tường thuật chỉ nguyên nhân.
Eg: She said “I am very tired I have worked overnight.”
She said she was very tires because she had been worked.
III. Những thay đổi cụ thể trong từng loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp
1. Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Statements in reported speech)
S + said (to + O) + that S + V……
S + told + O + that S + V….
Eg: “We will have a test tomorrow”, my teacher said.
-> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day.
*Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced, explained, complained, believed…
2. Câu hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp (Questions in reported speech)
Chú ý: Khi chuyển câu hỏi trực tiếp thành gián tiếp cũng cần áp dụng qui tắc chuyển đổi trên, ngoài ra cần thay đổi:
– Động từ tường thuật câu hỏi gián tiếp là asked/ wanted to know/ wondered ( tự hỏi)
– Trật tự từ chuyển về dạng trần thuật tức là chủ ngữ đứng trước động từ và không có trợ động từ
– Không dùng liên từ “that’, dấu “?” được bỏ đi
a. Yes/ no questions:
S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause
Eg: Tuan asked Ba “Are you fond of watching television?”
Tuan asked Ba if/whether he was fond of watching television
b. Wh-questions:
S + asked + (O) + wh – word + clause
Eg: He said to me, “Why did you go with her father last week?”
He asked me why I had gone with her father the week before.
Chú ý: Trong trường hợp câu trực tiếp có cả câu trần thuật và câu hỏi khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp phần nào vẫn cứ đi phần ấy
Eg: “ I have left my watch at home. Can you tell me the time?”
He said that he had left his watch at home and asked me if I could tell him the time
3. Câu mệnh lệnh trong lời nói gián tiếp (Imperative in reported speech)
(+) He/ she + ordered/ commanded/ told/ asked/ requested + object + to infinitive
Eg: “Please wait for a minute.” The man asked me
The man asked me to wait for a minute.
“Would you mind opening the door” she asked me.
She asked me to open the door.
He said to the waiter, “ Please bring me some hot water.”
He told to the waiter to bring him some hot water.
I said to her “Please shut the window.”
I asked her to shut the window.
(-) He/ she + ordered/ told/ asked + object not to + infinitive
Eg: “ Please don’t talk loudly”. He asked me not to talk loudly.
He said “Don’t shut the door”. He asked me not to shut the door.
4. Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp: (Exclamationin reported speech)
– Động từ tường thuật là: exclaim/shout
Eg: He said, “ What a lovely garden they have” He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden. –
Các hình thức cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “what’ và “how” chuyển sang gián tiếp bằng:
He said that it was … / hoặc He exclaimed that it was …
Eg1: She said; “What a pity!” (Direct speech) -> She exclaimed that it was a pity
Eg2: I said; “What a nice horse” -> I exclaimed that it was a nice horse
Eg3: He said; “How beautiful she is!”-> He exclaimed that she was beautiful!
Eg4: “What a big egg” he said -> He said that it was a big egg.
Eg5: “ How dreadful!” he said -> He exclaimed that it was dreadful.
5. Reported speech with to infinitive
– Khi lời nói gián tiếp là lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu, … động từ tường thuật cùng với động từ nguyên mẫu theo sau thường dùng để truyền tải nội dung phổ biến.
Động từ tường thuật + tân ngữ + Động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive)
* Động từ tường thuật: ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommend, encourage, urge, warn, want., beg, instruct, persuade…
Động từ tường thuật + Động từ nguyên mẫu (to-infinitive)
*Động từ tường thuật: agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide…
Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V
Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V
Would you like/ Will you -> invited + sb + to + V
a. Đề nghị, lời mời:
S + invite + (O) + to V …
S + offer + to V …
Ex: He said, “Would you like to go out for a drink?”
—> He invited me to go out for a drink.
She said to me; “How about some coffee”
-> She invited me some coffee
“I will look after the house for you if you like” he said.
-> He offered to look after the house for me if I liked.
* Ta sử dụng “ Would you like to V… / How about …/ Why don’t you + … để mời
Eg: Why don’t you come to my village to have a day off?
* Offer: – Would you like me to V
– Shall I do…/ Can I…? Could I …?
– I’ll do … if you like
Eg: Can I help you with the dishes? Shall I shut the door?
Would you like a drink? Would you like to come for a meal?
b. Yêu cầu: (động từ tường thuật ask)
Ex: She said, “Can you lend me your book?”
—> She asked me to lend her my book.
* Ta có thể sử dụng : Could you….? , Can you …? Would you mind …? Or câu mệnh lệnh để yêu cầu
“Would you mind closing the door?” he asked me to close the door.
Can you close the door? Close the door ,please. * “I’d like…” “Can I have…?”
khi chuyển sang gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc “Could I have…?”
S + asked + someboby + for + something
Ex: In a restaurant, the man said; “I’d like a bottle of red wine, please”
-> The man asked for a bottle of red wine
c. Khuyên bảo:
Ex: “You should study harder,” my mother said.
—> My mother advised me to study harder.
Lời khuyên thường bắt đầu bằng:
– You should / You ought to V………..
– If I were you , I would/ should
– You had better …
-Why don’t you ….
Eg’ Why don’t you repaint our room? She advised me to repaint their room.
Chuyển sang gián tiếp có cấu trúc sau: S + advised + O + to V …
d. Lời nhắc nhở
“Remember…” khi chuyển sang lời nói gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc sau
Don’t forget
S + remind(ed) + someboby + to Infinitive verb
Ex: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring me up tomorrow evening”
-> She reminded me to ring her up the bext eveining
e. Sự đồng ý về quan điểm như: all right, yes, of course (áp dụng cấu trúc sau):
S + agreed + to verb…
Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” he said
-> He agreed to wait for me
f. Câu trực tiếp diễn tả mong muốn như: would like, wish (áp dụng cấu trúc sau):
S + wanted + obj + to verb…
Ex: “I’d like Lan to become a doctor,” my mum said
-> My mum wanted Lan to become a doctor
g. Từ chối : S + refused + to V …
Eg: ‘No, I won’t lend you my car”
-> He refused to lend me his car.
h. Lời hứa: S + promised to V…
Eg: ‘I’ll send you a card on your birthday”
-> He promised to send me a card on my birthday.
* Công thức chung khi đổi sang câu tường thuật với to V:
S + V (+ O) + to V
6. Reported speech with gerund: (câu gián tiếp với danh động từ)
– Khi lời nói gián tiếp là lời đề nghị, chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi ….động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ theo sau nó thường dùng để truyền tải nội dung lời nói trên.
Động từ tường thuật + V-ing…….
* Động từ tường thuật:deny, admit, suggest, regret………..
Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home”
-> He suggested going home
Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + Ving…
* Động từ tường thuật: : dream of, object to, insist on, complain about, think of, look forward to………
Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.
—> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise.
Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + tân ngữ + Ving…
* Động từ tường thuật: thank sb for, accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, apologize sb for, warn sb
against, prevent sb from, stop sb from…
Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
—> Tom thanked me for helping him.
Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said.
—> Peter apologised for being late.
Danh động từ tường thuật thường đi theo động từ SUGGEST trong các mẫu câu đề nghị sau:
Why don’t you/ Why not / How about -> suggest + sb + V-ing
Let’s / Let’s not -> suggest + V-ing/ suggest + not+ V-ing
Shall we/ It’s a good idea -> suggest + V-ing.
a. Cảm ơn, xin lỗi:
S + thanked + s.o + for + v-ing
S + apologized for + (not) + v-ing
S + apologized + to + s.o + for + (not) + v-ing
Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
—> Tom thanked me for helping him.
Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said.
—> Peter apologised for being late.
b. Chúc mừng:
S + congratulated + s.o + on + v-ing
Ex: John said, “I heard you received the scholarship. Congratulations!”
—> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship. “I hear you passed your exams. Congratulations!” John said to us.
-> Tom congratulated us on passing our exams
c. Cương quyết, khăng khăng:
S + insisted + on + v-ing…
Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.
—> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise. “I’ll drive you to the station. I insist,” Peter said to Linda
-> Peter insisted on driving Linda to the station
d. Cảnh báo, ngăn cản:
Lời cảnh báo như : be careful, be dangerous
a. S + warned + s.o + to verb…
b. S + warned + s.o + against + v-ing …
ex1: “Be careful of strangers and don’t go out at night”; he said
-> He warned us to be careful strangers and not to out at night
Ex2: “Don’t stay at the near the airport,” I said to Ann
-> I warned Ann against staying at the hotel near the airport
Ex3: “Don’t go out alone at night,” I said to Linda.
—> I warned Linda agaisnt going out alone at night.
Ngăn cản: S + prevented, stopped + s.o + from + v-ing… Ex1: “Stay here! I can’t let you go out tonight,” her mother said to Jane
-> Her mother prevented Jane from going out that night
Ex2: “Sit here. I can’t let you stand all the time,” Mary said to me.
—> Mary prevented me from standing all the time.
e. Chấp nhận hoặc phủ nhận:
Ex1: “We stole his money,” they said.
—> They admitted stealing his money.
Ex2: “I didn’t steal his money,” she said.
—> She denied stealing his money. f. Đề nghị, gợi ý:
S + suggest + (not) + V-ing …
S1 + suggest (ed) + That + S2 + should + bare infinitive
Ex: He said to me; “Let’s go home”
-> He suggested going home
-> He suggested that we should go home
Ex: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said.
—> Susan suggested going out for a drink.
Lời đề nghị, gợi ý thường bắt đầu bằng:
Sử dụng “could” để gợi ý: She could phone her
– Shall we …. Shall we go and see a film?
Shall we talk about something different now?
– What about …/ How about V-ing…/ Let’s V……./ Why don’t we V ….
What about going to Judy’s?
How about using my car?
Let’s go outside.
Why don’t you write to her yourself?
g. Tố cáo, buộc tội:
Ex: “You took some of my money,” he said.
—> He accused me of taking some of his money.
h. Mơ ước:
S + dreamed + of + v-ing… Ex: “I want to pass the exam with flying colours,” John said.
—> John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours. “I’ve always wante to be rich, ” Bob said
-> Bob had always dreamed of being rich
i. Sự suy nghĩ về cái gì (áp dụng cấu trúc sau)
S + think (thought) + of +v-ing…
Ex: John’s wife: The house is very nice! We’ll certainly buy it
John : I think so
-> John and his wife were thinking of buying the house.
k. Sự chấp nhận (áp dụng cấu trúc sau)
S + admitted + v-ing… Detective: You have stolen Mrs. Brown’s car!
The thief|: Yes…! But…
-> The thief admitted stealing/having stolen Mrs Brown’s car
l. sự mong đợi (áp dụng cấu trúc sau)
S + looked forward to + v-ing…
Ex: “Mr. Smith: I feel like meeting our children soon” Mrs Smith: I think so
-> Mr and Mrs. Smith looked forward to meeting their children soon
7. Các hình thức hỗn hợp trong lời nói gián tiếp: (mixed forms in reported speech)
Lời nói trực tiếp có thể bao gồm nhiều hình thức hỗn hợp: câu khẳng định, câu hỏi, câu mệnh lệnh, câu cảm thán:
Eg: 1. He said, “Can you play the guitar?” and I said “No” He asked me if I could play the guitar and I said that I couldn’t.
2. “I don’t know the way. Do you? He asked.
He said that he didn’t know the way and asked her if she knew it.
3. “I’m going to shopping. Can I get you something? She said
She said that she was going to shopping and asked if she could get me anything.